For example: (Schmidt 1935). If you don’t know the name of the author, use the name of the organization that published the text or a shortened version of the title in place of the author’s name. For example: (Society for Psychical Research 1935) or (“Mystery of a Talking Wombat” 1935). [3] X Research source Don’t include the author’s name in parentheses if you’ve already mentioned it in the sentence with the citation. Instead, simply give the date (and page numbers, if applicable). For example: “John Schmidt (1935, 217-218) claimed that a talking wombat inhabited the walls of his Illinois farmhouse for over a decade. ”
For example: (Schmidt, Bjorn, and Prince 1941).
For example: (Schmidt et al. 1937).
For example: (Schmidt et al. 1937).
For example: (J. Schmidt 1935), (V. Schmidt 1972).
For example: (Schmidt 1935a), (Schmidt 1935b). Before assigning letters, alphabetize these sources by title (which is also how they will be listed in your bibliography). Assign the letters in order so that the first source is a, the second is b, and so on.
For example: (Schmidt 1935; Bjorn 1946).
For example: (Schmidt 1935, 217-310). If you are making a very general statement about the contents of your source, you don’t have to include location information. Aside from page numbers, you can also specify other types of location information, such as chapter number, document number, or figure number. For example: (Prince 1932, chap. 15) or (Bjorn et al. 1946, doc. 27).
For example: “Schmidt’s daughter, Viola, was the first person to report the phenomena. ”1 Footnotes and endnotes allow you to provide more complete citations than the parenthetical style used in the Author-Date system. You can also use these notes to provide additional information that you don’t want to put in the main text. Both systems include a full reference list at the end, typically called a “Bibliography” in the NB system. Most word processing programs have tools to help you format footnotes and endnotes. For example, if you’re using MS Word, you can insert notes into the text using the “references” tab.
For example: 1. Viola Schmidt If there 2 to 3 authors, list them in the same order used in the publication, separated by commas. For example: 15. John Schmidt, Maureen Schmidt, and Harlan Prince For 4 or more authors, list only the name of the first author, followed by et al. [12] X Research source For example: 27. Njord Bjorn et al.
For example, if you are citing an article: 1. John Schmidt, “Mystery of a Talking Wombat” For a book: 17. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm If you’re citing a chapter from an edited book, place the book title and the editor’s name after the chapter title. For example: 24. Bella Baylish, “An Overview of Wombat Folklore,” in The Enigma of Jules the Wombat, ed. George Finch
For example: 17. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm (London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946)
For example: 1. John Schmidt, “Mystery of a Talking Wombat,” Bulletin of the Illinois Society for Psychical Research 217, no. 2 (February 1935) The formatting is somewhat different for other types of periodical publications, such as an article in a newspaper or magazine. In these cases, the title of the periodical is followed by the month, day, and year of publication. For example: The Naperville Times, February 15, 1935.
If you are citing a book or book chapter, put the page numbers or location information after a comma. For example: 17. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm (London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946), chap. 15. If you are citing a journal article, put a colon before the page numbers. For example: 1. John Schmidt, “Mystery of a Talking Wombat,” Bulletin of the Illinois Society for Psychical Research 217, no. 2 (February 1935): 275-278.
For example: 1. John Schmidt, “Mystery of a Talking Wombat,” Bulletin of the Illinois Society for Psychical Research 217, no. 2 (February 1935): 275-278, https://doi. org/10. xxxx/xxxxxx. Some older or more obscure periodicals may not have DOIs. If you can’t find one on the article or at crossref. org, just use the web address that you accessed to read the article.
For example, if you are citing specific pages in a book, your full citation would look like this: 12. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm (London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946), 21-22. For a more general citation (without page numbers): 12. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm (London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946).
For example: Baylish, “Wombat Folklore,” fig. 3.
For example: Schmidt, John. If there are multiple authors, only invert the first and last names of the first author listed. For example: Schmidt, John, and Njord Bjorn. If there are 10 or fewer authors for a particular source, list the names of all the authors in the reference list entry. If there are more than 10 authors, list the first 7, followed by et al. [21] X Research source If you have multiple works by the same author, put them in chronological order. List the author’s name only for the first entry, and then use 3 em-dashes followed by a period (———. ) at the start of each following entry in place of the author’s name. [22] X Research source For multiple works by the same author in the same year, distinguish each entry by adding a lowercase letter to the date (for example, 1935a, 1935b, and so on). Arrange these entries in alphabetical order by title.
For example: Schmidt, John. 1935. “The Mystery of a Talking Wombat. ”
For example: Bjorn, Njord. 1946. My Experiences at Schmidt Farm. London: Not a Real Publisher. If the book is part of a multi-volume set, put the volume number after the title and before the publication information. Include the volume subtitle if there is one. E. g. , Bjorn, Njord. 1946. My Experiences at Schmidt Farm. Vol. 2, The Investigation. London: Not a Real Publisher. You can also include information such as the name of a translator (if applicable) or the edition number after the title. For example: Bjorn, Njord. 1946. My Experiences at Schmidt Farm, 2nd ed. Translated by Richard Little. London: Not a Real Publisher. [25] X Research source
For example: Baylish, Bella. 2018. “An Overview of Wombat Folklore. ” In The Enigma of Jules the Wombat, edited by George Finch, 125-162. New York: J. Q. Abernathy and Sons.
“Page range” refers to the page numbers for the entire article within the periodical. For example, your article may appear on pages 275-278 of the journal you are citing. For example: Schmidt, John. 1935. “Mystery of a Talking Wombat. ” Bulletin of the Illinois Society for Psychical Research 217, no. 2 (February): 275-278. https://doi. org/10. xxxx/xxxxxx. If you’re citing a periodical such as a newspaper or magazine, put the year date at the end of the citation as well as after the author’s name. These citations typically do not include page ranges. For example: Whiffle, Ferdinand. 1935. “The Wombat of Schmidt Farm. ” Naperville Times, February 15, 1935.
For example: Prince, Harlan. If the work has more than one author, invert the first author’s name, but not those of subsequent authors. For example: Prince, Harlan, and Njord Bjorn. If your citation has 10 or fewer authors, list all of them in the bibliography entry. For works with more than 10 authors, list the first 7, followed by et al. [29] X Research source Arrange multiple works by the same author in alphabetical order by title. List the author’s name for the first entry, but write 3 em-dashes followed by a period (———. ) instead at the start of each following entry. [30] X Research source
For example, if you are citing an article in a periodical or a chapter in a book: Schmidt, John. “The Mystery of a Talking Wombat. ” If you are citing a book: Bjorn, Njord. My Experiences at Schmidt Farm.
For example: Bjorn, Njord. My Experiences at Schmidt Farm. London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946. If the book has a volume number, write it after the title and before the publication information. If there’s a volume subtitle, put it after the volume number. E. g. , Bjorn, Njord. My Experiences at Schmidt Farm. Vol. 2, The Investigation. London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946. Additional information about the book, such as the name of a translator or the edition number, can also go after the title and before the publication information. For example: Bjorn, Njord. My Experiences at Schmidt Farm, 2nd ed. Translated by Richard Little. London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946. [33] X Research source
For example: Baylish, Bella. “An Overview of Wombat Folklore. ” In The Enigma of Jules the Wombat, edited by George Finch, 125-162. New York: J. Q. Abernathy and Sons, 2018.
For example: Schmidt, John. “Mystery of a Talking Wombat. ” Bulletin of the Illinois Society for Psychical Research 217, no. 2 (February 1935): 275-278. https://doi. org/10. xxxx/xxxxxx. If you’re citing a periodical such as a newspaper or magazine, put the year date at the end of the citation without parentheses. For example: Whiffle, Ferdinand. “The Wombat of Schmidt Farm. ” Naperville Times, February 15, 1935.
